Large shafts, rings, discs, blocks, and sleeves where section size rules out closed die tooling. Hardenability assessed against the actual section before the grade is confirmed, since a heavy section won't harden through in plain carbon steel whatever the quench.
Heat treatment sized to the section, ultrasonic testing interpreted against forged grain structure, and machining allowance covering quench distortion. Handling and lifting planned for the piece weight.
